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凱利公式推導 (單一事件賭局)
單一事件賭局:勝率為p,賠率為b (壓1元贏了可拿回1+b元,輸了1元全賠光)
有了上面兩個CASEs後,我們可以開始計算每一次賭局後的資金變化:
假設這賭局可不斷的重複玩下去,且每次都壓手上全部資金的比例 f (例如 f = 60%)。我們的工作是去決定這個 f 該選多少,使得在玩過多次賭局後,資金成長最快。
假設 At 表示玩到第 t 次賭局後的資金,我們分成下面兩個CASEs討論:
CASE 1:若第 t - 1次賭局的結果為贏,則 At = At-1(1 + bf)
(說明) 因為每次都壓原來資金的 f 比例。換句話說,在時間點 t - 1時一共壓了At-1f 那麼多資金。因為賭局結果為贏,且賠率為b,所以會淨賺At-1fb,再加上原來的資金At-1,故在時間點 t 的資金變為
(說明) 因為每次都壓原來資金的 f 比例。換句話說,在時間點 t - 1時一共壓了At-1f 那麼多資金。因為賭局結果為贏,且賠率為b,所以會淨賺At-1fb,再加上原來的資金At-1,故在時間點 t 的資金變為
At = At-1 + At-1fb = At-1(1 + bf)
CASE 2: 若第t - 1次賭局的結果為輸,則 At = At-1(1 - f)
(說明) 因為每次都壓原來資金的 f 比例。換句話說,在時間點 t - 1時一共壓了At-1f 那麼多資金。因為賭局結果為輸,且所壓的資金是全部輸光,所以一共賠了At-1f,故在時間點 t 的資金變為 At = At-1 - At-1f = At-1(1 - f)
只要下一個時間點贏,就將原來的資金乘上(1 + bf);只要下一個時間點輸,就將原來的資金乘上(1 - f)。
我們假設總共玩了T次。在T次的賭局裡,贏了W次,輸了L次 (也就是T = W + L)。因此,從一開始 (時間點為 t = 0)手上的資金為 A0,到時間點 T 的總資金可以表示如下:
AT = A0(1 + bf)W(1 - f)L
再來要做的工作便是決定 f 多少,使得AT 可以最大化。這就完全是微積分求最大值的計算問題。我們用下面圖一展示這個計算推導。
結論:由上面推導可知,每一次賭局所要投入的資金比例為期望淨利除上賠率。注意到當期望淨利為正的時候(分子為正),變是第一篇所提的有利賭局。只有在有利賭局的時後,才值得下注,而上面的推導告訴你該怎麼下注?以上為單一事件凱利賭徒的解釋與證明。
圖一:單一事件賭局的凱利公式推導 |
凱利公式推導(多重事件賭局)
多重事件賭局:一枚硬幣賭局,人頭出現機率為 p1,賠率為 b1;數字出現機率為p2,賠率為 b2。
假設每次下注的方式為壓資金的f1 比例在人頭,壓資金的f2 比例在數字。(註:p1 + p2 = 1;b1 + b2 = 1),則 f1 與 f2 要如何決定,可以使得玩過多次賭局後,資金成長最快。(註: f1 + f2界在0與1之間 (包含))
類似單一事件賭局的推導過程,我們假設At 表示玩到第t次的總資金,我們分成下面兩個CASEs討論:
假設每次下注的方式為壓資金的f1 比例在人頭,壓資金的f2 比例在數字。(註:p1 + p2 = 1;b1 + b2 = 1),則 f1 與 f2 要如何決定,可以使得玩過多次賭局後,資金成長最快。(註: f1 + f2界在0與1之間 (包含))
類似單一事件賭局的推導過程,我們假設At 表示玩到第t次的總資金,我們分成下面兩個CASEs討論:
CASE 1:若在第t - 1回合人頭出現,則 At = At-1(1 + b1f1 – f2)
(說明) 因為每次都壓原來資金的 f1 比例在人頭上,f2 比例在數字上。如果時間點 t - 1時人頭出現,且賠率為b1,則可淨賺At-1b1f1,但是壓在數字上面的金額At-1f2 會全部輸光。最後,再加上原來資金At-1,故在時間點 t 的資金變為
At = At-1 + At-1f1b1 – At-1f2 = At-1(1 + b1f1 – f2)
CASE 2:若在第t - 1回合數字出現,則 At = At-1(1 + b2f2 – f1)
(說明) 此部份的推導過程完全與CASE 1對稱, f1跟f2、b1跟b2對調而已。
有了上面兩個CASEs後,我們可以開始計算每一次賭局後的資金變化。
只要下一個時間點人頭出現,就原來的資金乘上(1 + b1f1 – f2);只要下一個時間點數字出現,就原來的資金乘上(1 + b2f2 – f1)。
我們假設賭局進行T 回合,人頭出現W1次,數字出現W2次 (也就是T = W1 + W2)。因此,從一開始(時間點t = 0) 手上的現金為A0,到時間點T 的總資產可以表示如下:
AT = A0(1 + b1f1 – f2)W1(1 + b2f2 – f1)W2
再來要做的工作便是決定f 多少,使得AT 可以最大化。一樣是微積分求最大值的計算問題,只不過在這我們要用偏微分跟一些計算的小技巧(在此省略)。我們用下面圖二展示這個計算推導。
圖二:多重事件賭局的凱利公式推導 |
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本篇獻給那些對凱利公式想要更深入瞭解的朋友們。
看不懂,絕對不會影響您原本操作績效的好壞;
若您看到數學公式會頭暈,但又支持本專欄的,本篇可以跳過,但請讚一下!
您的鼓勵,是牧清華持續成長的動力!
看不懂,絕對不會影響您原本操作績效的好壞;
看的懂,希望對您資金控管有更實質的幫助。
若您看到數學公式會頭暈,但又支持本專欄的,本篇可以跳過,但請讚一下!
您的鼓勵,是牧清華持續成長的動力!
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